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Chingiz Aytmatov, Aytmatov also spelled Aitmatov (born December 12, 1928, Sheker, Kirgiziya, U.S.S.R.[now in Kyrgyzstan]—died June 10, 2008, Nürnberg, Germany), author, translator, journalist, and diplomat, best known as a major figure in Kyrgyz and Russian literature. Aytmatov’s father was a Communist Party official executed during the great purges directed by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in the late 1930s. Aytmatov’s literary career started in 1952, and in 1959 he began writing for Pravda as the newspaper’s correspondent in Kirgiziya. He achieved major recognition with the collection of short stories Povesti gor i stepey (1963; Tales of the Mountains and Steppes), for which he was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1963. Although Aytmatov composed in both Russian and Kyrgyz, many of his works, which are predominantly long short stories and novellas, were originally written in the latter language. Major themes in these works are love and friendship, the trials and heroism of wartime, and the emancipation of Kyrgyz youth from restrictive custom and tradition.