Health and Sport - История изменений

Admine2 в 07:45, 22 октября 2018

2018-10-22T07:45:01Z

Admine2: /* Bibliography */

2018-08-24T06:59:14Z

‎Bibliography

Admine2: /* Bibliography */

2018-08-23T14:29:47Z

‎Bibliography

Admine2: /* Bibliography */

2018-08-23T14:29:21Z

‎Bibliography

Admine2 в 14:24, 9 июля 2018

2018-07-09T14:24:06Z

Admine2 в 05:06, 5 июля 2018

2018-07-05T05:06:04Z

Msu04 в 08:39, 23 апреля 2018

2018-04-23T08:39:14Z

Msu04 в 09:54, 19 апреля 2018

2018-04-19T09:54:22Z

Msu04: /* Sport in Kyrgyzstan */

2018-04-16T13:16:38Z

‎Sport in Kyrgyzstan

Msu04: /* Sport in Kyrgyzstan */

2018-04-16T13:04:22Z

‎Sport in Kyrgyzstan

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+<a href="/docs/Tests/English/Health and sports (Опубликован)/index.html" class="test_hover" onclick="this.target='_blank'"> <div align="center" class="test_div_hover" style="width:300px; height:auto; float:non; text-indent:0"><span class="test_hover_state"></span> [[file:Corbis.jpg|class=testirovanie|Take the Test|link=]]</div></a>
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 <div class="cutok">[[#Kinds of Sport|Kinds of Sport]] [[#Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] [[#Sport in Kyrgyzstan|Sport in Kyrgyzstan]]</div>
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 <span style="font-family:Times Nwe Roman; font-weight:bold; font-size:20px; color:#006; font-style:italic">Oodarysh - Wrestling on Horseback </span>
 {{left|[[File:Oodarysh.jpg|260px|]]}}
-It is one of the most popular games. Two riders try to pull each other off the horseback. It is allowed to throw the rival together with his horse. The time given for wrestling is 10 minutes. The rider who manages to pull the rival off his horse or throw him down together with the horse wins the competition. The rules allow the player to seize the rival by his sash or arms, by his torso, to press his knees or feet against the trunk of the rival`s horse.
+It is one of the most popular games. Two riders try to pull each other off the horseback. It is allowed to throw the rival together with his horse. The time given for wrestling is 10 minutes. The rider who manages to pull the rival off his horse or throw him down together with the horse wins the competition. The rules allow the player to seize the rival by his {{tip|sash| (NOUN COUNTABLE/ sæʃ / A long wide piece of cloth that you wrap around your waist like a belt)}} or arms, by his torso, to press his knees or feet against the trunk of the rival`s horse.
 <span style="font-family:Times Nwe Roman; font-weight:bold; font-size:20px; color:#006; font-style:italic">Kuresh – waist wrestling</span>
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 <span style="font-family:Times Nwe Roman; font-weight:bold; font-size:20px; color:#006; font-style:italic">Tyin enmey – picking up coin off the ground</span>
 {{left|[[File:Tyin_enmey.jpg|250px|]]}}
-Overall length of the distance from start to finish is no more than 100 metres. Tyin – the coin is located on a clean smooth surface, marked in white sand or sawdust, 50-60 metres away from the starting line. That is the coin that should be picked up by the participant. The participant will ride up to a starting line and on the judge’s sign, he should ride at not below the gallop pace. In a case where the participant goes into a slow pace or a horse comes into a halt at the moment of reaching out for the coin, the result would not be taken into consideration, neither there will be given a second chance for another round. The competition will be timed from start to finish. If the rider falls off the horse, he should get back on it and get to the finishing line. Otherwise he will be withdrawn from the game. Each participant is allowed 3 rounds. The victory will be awarded to the one who will manage to pick up the coin as many times as possible.
+Overall length of the distance from start to finish is no more than 100 metres. Tyin – the coin is located on a clean smooth surface, marked in white sand or {{tip|sawdust| (NOUN UNCOUNT / ˈsɔːˌdʌst / Very small pieces of wood like dust that are produced when you cutwood)}}, 50-60 metres away from the starting line. That is the coin that should be picked up by the participant. The participant will ride up to a starting line and on the judge’s sign, he should ride at not below the gallop pace. In a case where the participant goes into a slow pace or a horse comes into a halt at the moment of reaching out for the coin, the result would not be taken into consideration, neither there will be given a second chance for another round. The competition will be timed from start to finish. If the rider falls off the horse, he should get back on it and get to the finishing line. Otherwise he will be withdrawn from the game. Each participant is allowed 3 rounds. The victory will be awarded to the one who will manage to pick up the coin as many times as possible.
 <span style="font-family:Times Nwe Roman; font-weight:bold; font-size:20px; color:#006; font-style:italic">Kyz-Kuumai - Chasing After the Bride</span>
 {{right|[[File:Kyz-Kuumai1.jpg|250px|]]}}
-The man has to catch up the girl and kiss her. Otherwise she could beat him with a whip.
+The man has to catch up the girl and kiss her. Otherwise she could beat him with a {{tip|whip| (NOUN / wɪp / A long thin piece of leather with a handle on one end, used for making horses move faster or for hitting someone)}}
 One of the most interesting horse games is kyz kuumai (chasing after the bride). In olden days this game was a part of the wedding ritual.
-According to the rules the bride was given the best racer and she was entitled to a head start on her horse that began the race. The bridegroom set out in pursuit to catch up with her, in this way proving his love and right to marry her. Being at a disadvantage with the slower horse the bridegroom sometimes failed to catch up with up with his fiancee. Yet, although she might beat him with her Kamchi (or horse-whip) she did not reject him and the wedding would be held all the same. It’s the very beautiful game: they both wear bright national clothes, they rush on horses as wind and he tries to reach her with warlike clamors…
+According to the rules the bride was given the best racer and she was entitled to a head start on her horse that began the race. The bridegroom set out in {{tip|pursuit| (NOUN UNCOUNT / pə(r)ˈsjuːt / the process of trying to achieve something)}} to catch up with her, in this way proving his love and right to marry her. Being at a disadvantage with the slower horse the bridegroom sometimes failed to catch up with up with his fiancee. Yet, although she might beat him with her Kamchi (or horse-whip) she did not reject him and the wedding would be held all the same. It’s the very beautiful game: they both wear bright national clothes, they rush on horses as wind and he tries to reach her with warlike {{tip|clamors| (VERB /ˈˈklæmə(r) / Demand, request, appeal)}}…
 At present this traditional folk game is usually held during holidays for example in the green meadows of high mountain pastures, (zailoo) or on racecourses.
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 {{right|[[File:Upai.png|250px|]]}}
 Upai – it is a traditional game with bones from the sheep knee joints (chuko).
-This traditional Kyrgyz game can be played indoors as well as outdoors. Most preferable place is the floor covered by a felt carpet – alah kyiiz. Players play in two teams of 2, 4 or more members. The quantity of chuko (bones) necessary for the game can vary from 13 up to 37 and more, but it is important, that the total chuko correspondent to the rule: the total should be divided by 3 without the remainder and plus 1.
+This traditional Kyrgyz game can be played indoors as well as outdoors. Most preferable place is the floor covered by a felt carpet – alah kyiiz. Players play in two teams of 2, 4 or more members. The quantity of chuko (bones) necessary for the game can {{tip|vary| (VERB INTRANSITIVE / ˈveəri / To be different in different situations)}} from 13 up to 37 and more, but it is important, that the total chuko correspondent to the rule: the total should be divided by 3 without the remainder and plus 1.
 Every 3 chuko make up a collection, a set, called "upai" or "basym". The purpose of the game is to collect it is as many upai as possible (sets from 3 bones).
 <span style="font-family:Times Nwe Roman; font-weight:bold; font-size:20px; color:#006; font-style:italic">Falconry</span>
 {{left|[[File:Falconry.jpg|250px|]]}}
-Hunting with the golden eagle is an ancient tradition that dates back to the Mongol conquest of Central Asia around the 12th and 13th centuries, when a fine eagle and good horse cost similarly and were the main indicators of their owner’s wealthy. Centuries have passed but in Kyrgyzstan there are still nomads who hunt with eagles and ride specially trained horses. Eagle hunters here are called “berkutchi”. Kyrgyz people are experts in training eagles for hunting.
+Hunting with the golden eagle is an ancient tradition that dates back to the Mongol {{tip|conquest| (NOUN / ˈkɒŋkwest / The process of taking control of land or people during a war)}} of Central Asia around the 12th and 13th centuries, when a fine eagle and good horse cost similarly and were the main indicators of their owner’s wealthy. Centuries have passed but in Kyrgyzstan there are still nomads who hunt with eagles and ride specially trained horses. Eagle hunters here are called “berkutchi”. Kyrgyz people are experts in training eagles for hunting.
-Yet training eagles takes a lot of time (3-4 years), it should be done by one person, and requires constant daily application. When the golden eagle is still a chick, the trainer personally feeds it and speaks to it so that the tone of his voice is imprinted in the animal's mind. Later on, the eagle is able to distinguish human voices and will obey only voice of his master. When the eagle is almost an adult, the trainer shows it the hides and furs of the animals it must hunt so that it becomes used to the smell and characteristics of the prey; all this is done with special commands.
+Yet training eagles takes a lot of time (3-4 years), it should be done by one person, and requires constant daily application. When the golden eagle is still a chick, the trainer personally feeds it and speaks to it so that the tone of his voice is imprinted in the animal's mind. Later on, the eagle is able to {{tip|distinguish| (VERB / dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ / To recognize the differences between things)}} human voices and will obey only voice of his master. When the eagle is almost an adult, the trainer shows it the hides and furs of the animals it must hunt so that it becomes used to the smell and characteristics of the {{tip|prey| (NOUN / preɪ / An animal that is caught by another animal and eaten)}}; all this is done with special commands.
-Sent out to bunt fawns, foxes, or other small animals, the eagle dives down on them and kills them. But often it is also capable of killing young wolves when they cannot negotiate the deep snow. Sometimes the eagles hunt in fairs, just as they do in the natural state.
+Sent out to bunt {{tip|fawns| (NOUN / fɔːn / A young deer)}}, foxes, or other small animals, the eagle dives down on them and kills them. But often it is also capable of killing young wolves when they cannot {{tip|negotiate| (VERB / nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt / To try to reach an agreement by discussing something in a formal way, especially in a business or political situation)}} the deep snow. Sometimes the eagles hunt in fairs, just as they do in the natural state.
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 {{right|[[File:At_Chabysh.jpg|250px|]]}}
 Long-distance races are an ancient and widespread sport. Fast and hearty horses capable of enduring long-distance are chosen for the race.
-Experienced trainers prepare {{tip|yearlings| (NOUN /ˌˈjɪə(r)lɪŋ / A young cow, deer, or horse that is between one and two years old)}} for a race called «tai chabysh» and one-and-a-half year old foals run in the «kunan chabysh» race. When the animals become three years old they are entered into the competitions proper.
+Experienced trainers prepare {{tip|yearlings| (NOUN /ˌˈjɪə(r)lɪŋ / A young cow, deer, or horse that is between one and two years old)}} for a race called «tai chabysh» and one-and-a-half year old {{tip|foals| (NOUN COUNTABLE /ˈfəʊl / A young horse, or a young donkey or mule)}} run in the «kunan chabysh» race. When the animals become three years old they are entered into the competitions proper.
-Previously «Aht-chabysh» races were held on different occasions, usually in connection with some holiday or commemorative festival. The winner (or its owner) was given some jewelry and cattle as a reward. Horses of various breeds and ages took part in the races. Each trainer had his own methods of preparing the racer for the competition. The distance was 53 versts (1 versta - 1,066 km), later on 100 kilometers. Moreover the riders were quite often boys of 10-13 years of age, sometimes riding without a saddle.
+Previously «Aht-chabysh» races were held on different occasions, usually in connection with some holiday or commemorative festival. The winner (or its owner) was given some jewelry and cattle as a reward. Horses of various breeds and ages took part in the races. Each trainer had his own methods of preparing the racer for the competition. The distance was 53 versts (1 versta - 1,066 km), later on 100 kilometers. Moreover the riders were quite often boys of 10-13 years of age, sometimes riding without a {{tip|saddle| (NOUN COUNTABLE / ˈsæd(ə)l / A leather seat that you put on a horse’s back when you ride it)}}. According to current rules, only horses three years old and older of any breed are admitted to the races. The riders «minimal age must be not less than 13. The distance ranges from 4 to 50 kilometers.
 <span style="font-family:Times Nwe Roman; font-weight:bold; font-size:20px; color:#006; font-style:italic">Dzorgosalysh - Pacer's Races</span>
 {{left|[[File:Dzorgosalysh.jpg|230px|]]}}
-Amble (laterally gaited) is a rapid double tempo pace. The pacer swings the right front and right hind legs forward at the same time. Experts consider «dzorgo» to be a great merit of a horse. These horses demonstrate not only speed but also gracefulness. The Kyrgyz people have many proverbs and sayings related to the pacer, such as: «Don’t let your horse run beside a pacer.»
+Amble (laterally gaited) is a rapid double {{tip|tempo| (NOUN /ˈˈtempəʊ / The speed at which something happens)}} pace. The pacer swings the right front and right hind legs forward at the same time. Experts consider «dzorgo» to be a great merit of a horse. These horses demonstrate not only speed but also gracefulness. The Kyrgyz people have many proverbs and sayings related to the pacer, such as: «Don’t let your horse run beside a pacer.»
 <span style="font-family:Times Nwe Roman; font-weight:bold; font-size:20px; color:#006; font-style:italic">Kok-boru or Ulak tartysh</span>
 {{right|[[File:Kok-boru.jpg|350px|]]}}
 Wrestling on Horseback for a Goat’s Carcass - kok-boru or ulak tartysh mean «grey wolf». Apparently, the original game came historically developed in antiquity when herds of cattle grazed in the steppes and mountains all year round, exposed to possible attacks by wolves.
-Having no firearms, the shepherds could not deal with wolves. Brave djigits (horse riders) chased after the wolves until the beasts of prey fell, then they began beating them with sticks and lashes, trying to snatch them away from each other.
+Having no firearms, the shepherds could not deal with wolves. Brave djigits (horse riders) chased after the wolves until the beasts of prey fell, then they began beating them with sticks and {{tip|lashes| (VERB] /ˈlæʃ / To tie something firmly to something else, or to tie two things together firmly using a rope)}}, trying to {{tip|snatch| (VERB / snætʃ / To pull or take something away quickly)}} them away from each other.
-Later on when the people led a more settled life «kok-boru» was replaced by ulak-tartysh. There are two teams, consisting of an equal number of riders. The playing ground is 300 meters long and 150 meters wide. The opposite sides of this area, marked with flags, present symbolically «the gates». In the center of the playing ground a carcass of a goat, weighing on an average of 30-40 kilograms, is placed. One game is 15 minutes long. The objective of the game is to seize the goat’s carcass and deliver it into the gates of the contesting team.
+Later on when the people led a more settled life «kok-boru» was replaced by ulak-tartysh. There are two teams, consisting of an equal number of riders. The playing ground is 300 meters long and 150 meters wide. The opposite sides of this area, marked with flags, present symbolically «the gates». In the center of the playing ground a carcass of a goat, weighing on an average of 30-40 kilograms, is placed. One game is 15 minutes long. The objective of the game is to {{tip|seize| (VERB / siːz / To suddenly and firmly hold someone by a part of their body or clothing)}} the goat’s carcass and deliver it into the gates of the contesting team.
-The players are allowed to pick up the carcass from any place within the limits of the field, take it from their rivals, pass or fling it over to the partners, carry it pressed to the horse’s side or suspended between the horse’s legs.
+The players are allowed to pick up the carcass from any place within the limits of the field, take it from their {{tip|rivals| (NOUN COUNTABLE / ˈraɪv(ə)l / A person, team, or business that competes with another)}}, pass or fling it over to the partners, carry it pressed to the horse’s side or {{tip|suspended| (VERB OFTEN PASSIVE / səˈspend / To officially stop someone from doing their job or from going to school for a limited time because they have done something wrong)}} between the horse’s legs. During the course of the game some unlikely, unforeseen and ad hoc alliances may be formed among the participants. These alliances are usually short-lived, dissolving in the rapid fluidity of the competition as quickly as they are established. So one moment brothers may be vying for the honor of becoming the new champion, whilst old rivals can be seen aiding each other. All this fosters fast-thinking teamwork that is absolutely vital under actual combat conditions (which the game very realistically simulates).
-During the course of the game some unlikely, unforeseen and ad hoc alliances may be formed among the participants. These alliances are usually short-lived, dissolving in the rapid fluidity of the competition as quickly as they are established. So one moment brothers may be vying for the honor of becoming the new champion, whilst old rivals can be seen aiding each other. All this fosters fast-thinking teamwork that is absolutely vital under actual combat conditions (which the game very realistically simulates).
+The rules forbid rearing the horse, making your horse {{tip|collide| (VERB  / kəˈlaɪd / If people or things collide, they crash into each other)}} with a rival’s at a high speed, seizing the rivals horse by the bridle, taking the reins off of it, including blows with a whip, or shouting or entering into conversation with one’s opponent.
 <span style="font-family:Times Nwe Roman; font-weight:bold; font-size:20px; color:#006; font-style:italic">Oodarysh - Wrestling on Horseback </span>